Copyright © 2013 Thomas M. Eastep
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
2016/04/25
Table of Contents
Caution
This article applies to Shorewall 4.5.19 and later and supersedes this article.
Shorewall events were introduced in Shorewall 4.5.19 and provide a high-level interface to the Netfilter recent match capability. An event is actually a list of (IP address, timestamp) pairs, and can be tested in a number of different ways:
Has event E ever occurred for IP address A (is the IP address in the list)?
Has event E occurred M or more times for IP address A?
Has Event E occurred in the last N seconds for IP Address A (is there an entry for the address with a timestamp falling within the last N seconds)?
Has Event E occurred M or more times in the last N seconds for IP address A (are there M or more entries for the address with timestamps falling within the last N seconds)?
The event interface is implemented as three parameterized Shorewall Actions:
- SetEvent
This action initializes an event list for either the source or destination IP address in the current packets. The list will contain a single entry for the address that will have the current timestamp.
- ResetEvent
This action removes all entries for either the source or destination IP address from an event list.
- IfEvent
This action tests an event in one of the ways listed above, and performs an action based on the result.
Events are based on the Netfilter 'recent match' capability which is required for their use.
The recent-match kernel component is xt_recent which has two options that are of interest to Shorewall users:
- ip_list_tot
The number of addresses remembered per event. Default is 100.
- ip_pkt_list_tot
The number of packets (event occurrences) remembered per address. Default is 20.
These may be changed with the xt_recent module is loaded or on the kernel bootloader runline.
Because these are parameterized actions, optional parameters may be omitted. Trailing omitted parameters may be omitted entirely while embedded omitted parameters are represented by a hyphen ("-").
Each event is given a name. Event names:
Must begin with a letter.
May be composed of letters, digits, hyphens ('-') or underscores ('_').
May be at most 29 characters in length.
SetEvent(
event, [ action ],
[ src-dst ], [
disposition ] )
- event
Name of the event.
- action
An action to perform after the event is initialized. May be any action that may appear in the ACTION column of shorewall-rules (5). If no action is to be performed, use COUNT.
- src-dst
Specifies whether the source IP address (src) or destination IP address (dst) is to be added to the event. The default is src.
- disposition
If the
actioninvolves logging, then this parameter specifies the disposition that will appear in the log entry prefix. If nodispositionis given, the log prefix is determined normally. The default is ACCEPT.
ResetEvent(
event, [ action ],
[ src-dst ], [
disposition ] )
- event
Name of the event.
- action
An action to perform after the event is reset. May be any action that may appear in the ACTION column of shorewall-rules (5). If no action is to be performed, use COUNT. The default is ACCEPT.
- src-dst
Specifies whether the source IP address (src) or destination IP address (dst) is to be removed from the event. The default is src.
- disposition
If the
actioninvolves logging, then this parameter specifies the disposition that will appear in the log entry prefix. If nodispositionis given, the log prefix is determined normally.
IfEvent(
event, [ action ],
[ duration ], [
hitcount ], [
src-dst], [
command[:option]...,
[ disposition ] )
- event
Name of the event.
- action
An action to perform if the test succeeds. May be any action that may appear in the ACTION column of shorewall-rules (5). The default is ACCEPT.
- duration
Number of seconds over which the event is to be tested. If not specified, the test is not constrained by time.
- hitcount
Specifies the minimum number of packets required for the test to succeed. If not specified, 1 packet is assumed.
- src-dst
Specifies whether the source IP address (src) or destination IP address (dst) is to be tested. The default is src.
- command
May be one of the following:
- check
Simply test if the
duration/hitcounttest is satisfied. If so, theactionis performed.- reset
Like check. If the test succeeds, the
eventwill be reset before theactionis taken. Requires the Mark in filter table capability in your kernel and iptables.- update
Like check. Regardless of whether the test succeeds, an entry with the current time and for the
src-dstiP address will be added to theevent.
The default is check.
optionmay be one of:- reap
Regardless of whether the test succeeds, entries for the
src-dstIP address that are older thandurationseconds will be deleted from theevent.- ttl
Constrains the test to require that the packet TTL match the ttl in the original packet that created the entry.
- disposition
If the
actioninvolves logging, then this parameter specifies the disposition that will appear in the log entry prefix. If nodispositionis given, the log prefix is determined normally.
The CLI programs (/sbin/shorewall,
/sbin/shorewall-lite, etc.) support show
event and show events commands.
The show event command shows the contents of the events listed in the command while show events lists the contents of all events.
root@gateway:~# shorewall show events Shorewall 4.5.19-Beta2 events at gateway - Sat Jul 13 07:17:59 PDT 2013 SSH src=75.101.251.91 : 2225.808, 2225.592 src=218.87.16.135 : 2078.490 SSH_COUNTER src=65.182.111.112 : 5755.790 src=113.162.155.243 : 4678.249 sticky001 src=172.20.1.146 : 5.733, 5.728, 5.623, 5.611, 5.606, 5.606, 5.589, 5.588, 5.565, 5.551, 5.543, 5.521, 5.377, 5.347, 5.347, 5.345, 5.258, 5.148, 5.048, 4.949 src=172.20.1.151 : 41.805, 41.800 sticky002 src=172.20.1.213 : 98.122, 98.105, 98.105, 98.105, 98.088, 98.088, 98.088, 98.088, 98.058, 98.058, 80.885, 53.528, 53.526, 53.526, 53.510, 53.383, 53.194, 53.138, 53.072, 3.119 src=172.20.1.146 : 4.914, 4.914, 4.898, 4.897, 4.897, 4.896, 4.896, 4.896, 4.882, 4.881, 4.875, 4.875, 4.875, 4.875, 4.875, 4.875, 4.875, 4.874, 4.874, 4.874 root@gateway:~#
The SSH and SSH_COUNTER events are created using the following Automatic Blacklisting example. The sticky001 and sticky002 events are created by the SAME rule action.
Each line represents one event. The list of numbers following the ':' represent the number of seconds ago that a matching packet triggered the event. The numbers are in chronological sequence, so In this event, there were 20 packets from 172.20.1.146 that arrived between 5.733 and 4.949 seconds ago:
sticky001 src=172.20.1.146 : 5.733, 5.728, 5.623, 5.611, 5.606, 5.606, 5.589, 5.588, 5.565, 5.551, 5.543, 5.521, 5.377, 5.347, 5.347, 5.345, 5.258, 5.148, 5.048, 4.949
Note that there may have been earlier packets that also matched, but the system where this example was captured used the default value of the ip_pkt_list_tot xt_recent option (20).
The output of these commands is produced by processing the
contents of /proc/net/xt_recent/*. You can access
those files directly to see the raw data. The raw times are the uptime
in milliseconds. The %CURRENTTIME entry is created by the show
event[s] commands to obtain the current uptime.
This example is taken from this article which explains the nice benefits of this approach. This example is for ssh, but it can be adapted for any application.
The name SSH has been changed to SSHLIMIT so as not to override the Shorewall macro of the same name.
/etc/shorewall/actions:
#ACTION OPTION DESCRIPTION SSHLIMIT #Automatically blacklist hosts who exceed SSH connection limits SSH_BLACKLIST #Helper for SSHLIMIT
/etc/shorewall/action.SSH_BLACKLIST:
# # Shorewall version 4 - SSH_BLACKLIST Action # ?format 2 ############################################################################### #TARGET SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT # # Log the Reject # LOG:warn:REJECT # # And set the SSH_COUNTER event for the SOURCE IP address # SetEvent(SSH_COUNTER,REJECT,src)
/etc/shorewall/action.SSHLIMIT:
# # Shorewall version 4 - SSHLIMIT Action # ?format 2 ############################################################################### #TARGET SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT # # Silently reject the client if blacklisted # IfEvent(SSH_COUNTER,REJECT,300,1) # # Blacklist if 5 attempts in the last minute # IfEvent(SSH,SSH_BLACKLIST,60,5,src,check:reap) # # Log and reject if the client has tried to connect # in the last two seconds # IfEvent(SSH,REJECT:warn:,2,1,-,update,Added) # # Un-blacklist the client # ResetEvent(SSH_COUNTER,LOG:warn,-,Removed) # # Set the 'SSH' EVENT and accept the connection # SetEvent(SSH,ACCEPT,src)
etc/shorewall/rules:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SSHLIMIT net $FW tcp 22
Caution
The technique demonstrated in this example is not self-cleaning. The SSH_COUNTER event can become full with blackisted addresses that never attempt to connect again. When that happens and a new entry is added via SetEvent, the least recently seen address in the table is deleted.
The above two actions are generalized in the AutoBL and AutoBLL actions released in Shorewall 4.5.19. Only AutoBL is invoked directly from your rules file; AutoBL invoked AutoBLL internally.
AutoBL(
event, [
Interval ], [
hitcount ], [
successive ], [
blacklist-time ], [
disposition ], [
log_level ] )
- event
Name of the event. The blacklisting event itself will be
event_BL (analogous to SSH_COUNTER above).- interval
Interval, in seconds, over which hits are to be counted. Default is 60 seconds.
- hitcount
Number of matching packets that will trigger automatic blacklisting when they arrive in
intervalseconds. Default is 5.- successive
If a matching packet arrives within this many seconds of the preceding one, it should be logged according to
log_leveland handled according to thedisposition. If successive packets are not to be considered, enter 0. Default is 2 seconds.- blacklist-time
Time, in seconds, that the source IP address is to be blacklisted. Default is 300 (5 minutes).
- disposition
The disposition of blacklisted packets. Default is DROP.
- log_level
Log level at which packets are to be logged. Default is info.
To duplicate the SSHLIMIT entry in
/etc/shorewall/rules shown above:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
AutoBL(SSH,-,-,-,REJECT,warn)\
net $FW tcp 22 This example shows a different implementation of the one shown in the Port Knocking article.
In this example:
Attempting to connect to port 1600 enables SSH access. Access is enabled for 60 seconds.
Attempting to connect to port 1601 disables SSH access (note that in the article linked above, attempting to connect to port 1599 also disables access. This is an port scan defence as explained in the article).
To implement that approach:
/etc/shorewall/actions:
#ACTION OPTION DESCRIPTION Knock #Port Knocking
/etc/shorewall/action.Knock:
#
# Shorewall version 4 - SSH_BLACKLIST Action
#
?format 2
###############################################################################
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
IfEvent(SSH,ACCEPT:info,60,1,src,reset)\
- - tcp 22
SetEvent(SSH,ACCEPT) - - tcp 1600
ResetEvent(SSH,DROP:info) etc/shorewall/rules:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT Knock net $FW tcp 22,1599-1601
Gerhard Wiesinger has contributed a Perl module that allows you to define portknocking sequences. Download the module and copy it into your site_perl directory.
Using Gerhard's module, a port-knocking rule is defined via a '?PERL' statement. This example opens the SSH port from net->fw using the knock sequence 52245, 15623, 19845:
?BEGIN PERL
use KnockEnhanced;
KnockEnhanced 'net', '$FW', {name => 'SSH1', log_level => 3, proto => 'tcp', target => 'ssh', knocker => [52245,15623,19845]};
?END PERLA few notes on the parameters:
The first parameter is the rule SOURCE
The second parameter is the rule DEST
The third parameter is a Perl hash reference that defines the remaining parameters. Each parameter is specified via
param=>value.proto is the protocol -- if not specified, the default is tcp
seconds is the timeout between successive events -- default is 60 seconds.
original_dest is the rule ORIGDEST
target is the port(s) that you are trying to open. May either be a single name or number, or it may be a list of names and/or numbers separated by commas and enclosed in square brackets ("[...]").
name is a name used as the base for event and chain names. If not supplied, the first target is used, in which case the first target must be a port name.
log_level specifies logging for the generated rules
Note
Port names and numbers may be optionally followed by a colon (":") and a protocol name or number to override the specified protocol.
The module itself contains additional examples of its usage.
